Othello By William Shakespeare †What is the dramatic significants of the first scene? Essay

Q. What is the dramatic significants of the first scene? A. During his reign as literature king Shakespeare wrote the play Othello. The play is based mainly on the conflict between Italy and Cyprus in the early 1600’s; Shakespeares characters also reflect this troubled time. Act one Scene gives the reader their first glimpse as to what the play might represent. The scene starts in the middle of an argument between Iago and Rodergio somewhere in Venice. They are arguing about Othello marriage to Desdemona (the daughter of Brabantio a important Venetian senator.) Roderigo questions Iago about his lack of knowledge surrounding this event. From the language used we know that Iago has taken money from Rodreigo to keep track on Desdemona as Roderigo is secretly in love with her. Iago has failed by not knowing about Othellos secret wedding to Desdemona. â€Å"That thou, Iago, who hast had my purse as if the strings were thine shouldst know of this.† The fact that this scene begins mid way through an argument is very significant as this would of grabbed an audiences attention in the early 1600’s as there were no microphone and no proper way of showing the audience that the play has begun. In starting this way the play has interested the audience and left them with the question, what is this argument about? Iago is what was known as during the time of Elizabethan theatre a Machiavliel villain. This means the audiences know this character is untrustworthy; he is only really out for himself. Iago wants Power and money. Through out this scene money terminology is used to a great affect. This shows that money and status was very important at this time. â€Å"By debitor and creditor; this counter caster, he, in good time, must be a lieuitenant be,† Iago is a very bitter man he wants to take his own revenge upon Othello even if this means Othello will truly suffer the consequences as he was not given the top job, which he believes he deserves. However Othello gave the job to Michael Cassio who we not yet been introduced too. Iago makes cruel comments about Michael Cassio stating he is all talk and no action on the battlefield this is highly insulting. Iago is also very cruel when talking with Roderigo about Othello he is very racist and patronizing Othellos name is never used throughout this scene he is referred to as â€Å"The Moor.† I believe this to be very rude and pure jealousy on Iagos part. However this does not really matter at this moment as Othello is highly regarded within this society. Within this scene Iago clearly shows he is not someone to be trusted. He is very ironic with that the fact that he shows Roderigo and the audience he is who he is and no one can change that about him. At this point the audience sense the Irony of this particular line. He is admitting he cannot be trusted. â€Å"I am not what I am† Iago decides that one of the ways in which to seek his revenge upon Othello is by telling Brabantio (Desdemonas father) about her secret wedding to Othello. However Iago is very cunning as he talks Roderigo into calling upon Desdemona father and telling him the truth, as obviously he doesn’t want this crime to be traced back to him this plan makes perfect sense. â€Å"Call up her father, Rouse him, make him after his poison his delight.† Brabantio then enters this scene he asks about what is all the noise about as this scene takes place in the middle of the night. Brabantio is obviously worried as Iago calls out and say thieves are at Brabantios this creates a lot of fuss. Iago tells him that someone close is plotting against him (Othello) and that he should be more aware. Iago wants to be seen as a hero. Roderigo then takes the lead, as Iago does not want to get into trouble as he has still got to go back to Othello. Roderigo breaks the news to Brabantio. The language here shows that Roderigo is trying to break this news gently but the truth is he does not care about the consequences. â€Å"The worser welcome, I have charged thee not to haunt about my doors; in honest plainness thou hast heard me say etc Upon malicious bravery dost thou come to start my quiet.† Branbantio cannot believe what he is hearing he is in shock as he regards Othello highly. This clearly shows Othello has a very high status. Roderigo swears it is true and Iago backs this up showing his character to be a liar. Brabantio is forced to believe them making him insanely jealous and totally nieve. Iago then explains that Desdemonas happiness is important to him; once again Iago seems like our unlikely hero. Brabantio decides that he must go and find Othello to confront him. At the end of this Roderigo and Iago are once again left alone this is very significant to the scene as it shows that this scene had begun and ended in a very similar way. Roderigo finally reminds Iago of their deal the only thing they want is revenge on Othello. They strongly believe he deserves it, however as an audience we cannot make this judgement, as we have never met him. The only thing we as an audience can go off if what other characters have said about him. We believe Othello to be noble and brave not cunning and kneiving. Iago finally leaves to go back to Othello. This shows Iago is a plotter by going between these two characters, we do not know where his loyalty lies. Finally Brabantio returns and goes to find Othello he is angry and upset. Roderigo decides to go and find Othello too. This scene ends on a semi tense cliffhanger. This scene leaves the audience wondering what may lie ahead. The dramatic significants within this scene shows dramatic irony mainly focusing on Iago. This villain needs to be stopped, but how? Is the question still to be answered.   

Interview Essay Essay

I conducted my interview with Mrs. Michelle G. Escala; a woman with simple dreams and hopes in life. I approached her with all the kindness, respect, and humility. I started my interview by introducing myself and my purpose for conducting the interview. I was quite nervous during my interview, but I was still able to deliver my prepared questions. Mrs. Escala showed kindness to me during my interview. I could sense her sincerity and confidence while answering all my questions. She is a teacher at Tarong Elementary School, who is willing to inspire pupils and students to learn and to live the value of their existence. Mrs. Escala received her Bachelor of Science in Elementary Education from Philippine Normal University, Cadiz City in 2003 and her Masteral in Elementary Education from University of Southern Philippines in 2011. She took the Licensure Examination for Teacher and she passed and now, she’s enjoying her profession. Mrs. Escala was never influenced by anyone to take up the course Bachelor of Science in Elementary Education; it’s her own choice and will. She stated that taking up BEED is the first step in preparing for this profession. She also believes that grades and extracurricular activities are important. She was a consistent honor student since her younger years, she actively participate in their school paper and other organization in their school. In addition, she said, in order for you to finish your studies and to achieve your goal, you must strive hard, manage your time wisely, love what you do, and have faith in God. After finishing her studies, before she becomes a full time teacher, she started as a substitute teacher for about half a year. She also stressed the importance of Practice teaching because it will give you experience and you can meet what is truly the work of a teacher. She also said that attending to seminars either near or far is important because through these a ctivities you can learn more and it will help you to be more professional. Mrs. Escala stressed that teaching is not that easy. You have to be as patient as you can towards your pupils. You must be patient in teaching them their lesson, especially when difficult time comes in. She stated that the most difficult part in teaching is when you know you gave your best but still pupils fail to show what is expected from them. She also said that we must also accept the fact that everybody is not equal in all aspect; we must acknowledge the weaknesses of the pupils and then teach without expecting too much. Teaching has deadlines that must be met, which creates pressure  and the feeling of constantly being rushed. She also said that you must not be absent in your class because it’s not you that will be affected, but the students. Even though there is a reason for you to be absent, she added, you must give them some assignments or activities before the day you’re not there so that their day won’t be wasted, or maybe you must make it up to them on the day that your back. But not all the times it seems to be difficult, there are times it’s easy to handle and fulfilling especially when you achieve your goals for the pupils. She said that what she is trying to achieve with her students is for them to learn, to digest what she taught in class, and hopefully they will be inspired to live with the values she is instilling in them. She also added that it is a great achievement for a teacher to see their pupils progressing physically, intellectually, socially, and financially, that’s why she is aiming to produce pupils to become functionally upright, and useful as well as productive citizen of the society. Mrs. Escala said that her work is satisfying, not in a way that she is satisfied with the food but she is satisfied with her pupils because they are pretty comical. She even added that she would choose teaching all over again, because she loves her job and this is where her heart really belongs. I feel my interview is really beneficial. I learned a lot about her, as well as some about what it is like to be a professional. It was encouraging for me to speak with someone who loves her job so much. My interview with Mrs. Escala provided me information about being a professional and how to be a responsible student and soon to be a professional like her. She also provided me with â€Å"real world† information; information about life and how to handle the difficulties and not letting those difficulties to be a hindrance in pursuing and achieving your goal. Conducting an interviews with her prove to be a great learning experience because it help me a lot and now, I have more knowledge about responsibilities, career opportunities, and what it’s like to be a professional. Even though my interview is not related to my course, it is still challenging and worth remembering. Now, I have more and better idea and understanding of how to achieve my goal, and my goal is to become a Certified Public Accountant.

Influence Internet and Digital Technologies on Supply Chain Essay

Influence Internet and Digital Technologies on Supply Chain - Essay Example From the report it is clear that  organisations demonstrate concern on the agility of supply chain, reduction of product time cycle, efficiency, and product delivery. The essence of the above contention is to achieve high performance through introduction of effective and efficient services. The move from the traditional system to the electronic system was because of the influence created by the electronic system to the organisation performance.According to the paper findings the understanding of internet or information technology with respect to SCM would refer to a system where the organisation has no boundaries of sharing its information. Supply chain management is a process where an organisation coordinates, plans, and controls materials (goods) from supply to consumer. The chain consists of geographical facilities of distribution and links created through the transport system that connect the chain to the facilities. The chain would begin from the manufacturing organisation and would end with the consumer. The length of the chain determines the efficiency of the organisation.  Supplier to buyer relationship shows some degree of interdependence. Factors, which influence the interdependence, are bargaining power and supply power among others. The development of organisation’s strategy largely depends on its supply power.  The effectiveness of the chain would depend on the trust demonstrated by the concerned parties. Analysts contends that application of electronic system in product marketing i.e. IT reduces costs associated with coordination because it drastically cut cost of communication and the assets which offer create chain relationship (Salo and Karjaluoto, 2006:56). The competitiveness of a product in the market depends on the consumer information about the product. The essence of digital technology is to influence the traditional supply chain by creating effective operations. Study on traditional chain show that information availability i s limited thus leading to in adequate performance (Simchi-Levi, et.al. 2004:132). Communication is a vital element in the supply chain because it dictates terms of service between the suppliers and the buyers. The effectiveness of the system leads to strategic approaches, which influence the performance of the organisation. Researchers have observed that many organisations have embraced internet and other digital systems in their supply chain process. The shortcoming of the traditional chain includes limited functionality of the enterprise, inflexibility to adapt to environmental changes, limited support functionality in decision-making and limited modularity (Gordon, et.al. 2008:58). Supply Chain in the Book Industry Research on internet influence on SCM in book industry indicates that the application has an influence in the following areas procurement, supply relationship management, customer relationship management, and logistics (Wang, et.al.2011:13). The processes involved in s upply chain of books include publishing, creation, consumption and distribution. The trend is similar to other trends employed by other organisations. A bid to understand the impact of internet application to SCM leads to the following approach of explanations. Internet and other digital technologies on purchasing Availability of information through internet has influenced processes involve

Wake Up, America. We're Driving Toward Disaster Essay

Wake Up, America. We're Driving Toward Disaster - Essay Example The incendiary nature of the discourse does not have a concrete payoff at the end. From the beginning of the article, Kunstler establishes his credibility in speaking on the topic that he chooses to address. He begins his discussion with the words â€Å"Everywhere I go these days, talking about the global energy predicament on the college lecture circuit or at environmental conferences†, thus without knowing anything about the man or his credentials, the reader is given the impression that this is a man whose opinion is valued enough to attract university level attention. He has established a sense of ethos from the start through the use of an aspect of his career that relates to the topic he is addressing. He then continues, in this first paragraph, to grab the attention of the reader by suggesting that the rallying cry that is most often heard about the topic of energy, that of ‘solutions’, is not the focus that should be taken by the American public. In these t wo first sentences, Kunstler has established a sense of his own expertise and engaged the reader through challenging a preconceived idea that has framed a great deal of the discussion on energy consumption. The next section of Kunstler’s article specifically states his position on the topic. He states, â€Å"We have to make other arrangements†, thus establishing his viewpoint on the idea of how to approach the problem of energy consumption. He first states the ways in which energy consumption is being abused and infers that a willingness to sacrifice those abuses of energy is the only way in which to realistically approach the nature of the problem. An assumption is made, after his point is made, that the public does not understand the consequences of ignoring the energy problem and this ignorance puts into jeopardy every aspect of American life that is concerned with survival. He engages the audience through discussing their needs through the concept of the threat to those needs. Kunstler further explains the problem when he says â€Å"It’s about the instabilities that will shake the complex systems of daily life as soon as the global demand for oil exceeds the global supplyâ€Å". This section of the work does two things in the pursuit to convince the reader to believe in Kunstler’s point of view. He insults the trivial nature of the attitude of the American belief in a lifestyle that includes a great deal of energy consumption, as well as then insulting the intelligence of the reader who has not thought far enough to realize that an energy problem will halt food, trade, travel, housing, and money, while throwing in governance, health care, and education to further draw in the reader so that they feel a threat that must be addressed through which his beliefs will clarify how the problem should be addressed. This type of rhetoric uses the force of fear in order to create context for the importance of the problem. Kunstler is tell ing the audience that if they do not swing towards his point of view they will lose everything that supports their way of life. He attaches his argument to their fear for survival, the need to protect and secure the future and to support the continuation of how they procure their basic needs. Once establishing that the future of survival is at risk, he supports this belief by giving a list of consequences that will occur if the use

History of Modern Art Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

History of Modern Art - Essay Example The essay "History of Modern Art" examines Philadelphia Savings Fund Society building. This is one of the features that make the building standout among other buildings. It depicts a piece of art that had been well designed to match the exact mental imagery of the designers. It can also be said to represent the minds of many people especially from the perspective of creativity. This is because of the remarkable landmarks available in this area. The exact materials used to make the building include but not limited to brass, copper, glass, glazed brick. While the glass is working to ensure the continued beautification of the building, other factors were in play such as stainless steel that was seriously working on the strength as well as the durability of the building. It is free standing and strategically placed to fulfill the duties that it was originally put up for. With regard to iconography of the structure, the building can be said to have three main parts that make it unique in the area. Here, the structure appears as if the lower part, which is the widest and protruding, is separate from the rest of the building. The west part of the building also appears distinct from the other part of the building in that it is even taller than the main building. This can be said to be the flanked art of the building. This style makes it the only building with a distinctive sand unique style in Philadelphia. It can also be easily spotted even by an outsider because it bears its name at the top most part.

Business Management and Information System Essay

Business Management and Information System - Essay Example The article specifically outlines ten events and forces that have led to this. Out of these ten events and forces, all bar one – fall of the Berlin Wall – have been enhanced by ICTs. This paper uses the principles of business process reengineering (BPR), enterprise resource planning (ERP), and knowledge management to critique the ideas Friedman’s raised in this article. Business process engineering The world is increasingly being driven by customers, competition and change. These three challenges have necessitated companies to be constantly on the lookout for new solutions to their business problems, hence the emergence of business process reengineering (BPR). In his book, â€Å"Business @ the Speed of Thought†, Bill Gates states that the 1980s was about quality, the 1990s about reengineering and the 2000s about speed. It is this speed of innovation independent of location that Friedman speaks of with regards to the emerging economic powers of China, India , and Russia that America must be wary of. BPR is the fundamental rethinking and radical redesign of business processes to achieve dramatic improvements in critical, contemporary measures of performance such as cost, quality, service and speed (Muthu et al., 1999). The purpose of which is to redesign the strategic and value added processes that transcend organizational boundaries. IT is a key enabler of BPR, an attribute that is manifest in the roles that it plays: before the process is designed, while the process design is underway, and after the design is complete (Attaran, 2004). Friedman points out that misnomer that many Americans have been led to or lead themselves to believe that China, India, et al are racing them to the bottom whereas in actual sense they are racing the US to the top. These emerging economic powers have rich educational heritages an ambitious youth and access to work experience from leading corporations that have outsourced, offshored to their countries and access to a wide range of information over the Internet. According to Friedman (2005) American multinationals previously outsourced and offshored to minimize cost but now it is because they are unable to find the talent they need locally so they source it abroad. The seven principles of BPR according to Hammer 1990 are: outcome orientation, integration, local responsibility, pooling or resources, fasten processes, empowering and control, and reducing data duplication. Outcome orientation implies that the organisation needs to organize around outcomes and not tasks. The goal is not just to focus on a few things at a time, but to focus on the right things, to target those activities that will make the biggest impact in terms of customer perceived value. Outsourcing – one of the forces that has led to flattening of the world – is focused on moving those activities that are not core to the company to be done by companies that can perform them better and cheaper. Out sourcing improves efficiency and reduces cost. Another ICT-driven force that Friedman cites as a world flattener is offshoring. Offshoring is the migration of jobs, but not the people who perform them, from rich countries to poor ones. It is also referred to as offshore outsourcing and works much in the same way as outsourcing. It is almost obvious that organizations that hope to

Literature review on reccyling in china and britain Essay

Literature review on reccyling in china and britain - Essay Example cording to Li, Bai & Nie (2002) the planning and construction of the recycling, treatment, and disposal facilities for hazardous wastes are basic elements to a sound waste management plan. In China, even though a few regulatory bodies have been established, the proposals are still in the study and formulation stages. Manufacturing units set up their own waste management facilities. Due to lack of national and local standards, secondary pollution and environmental risks persist in China. The UK government has expressed support for the recycling industry through – the government’s White Paper on environment, 1990 and the Draft Waste Strategy for England and Wales, 1995. Through this the UK government proposes a target of recycling 50% of the solid waste by the year 2000 (Craighill & Powell, 2005). Through these documents, the government has ranked recycling higher on the waste management hierarchy. Recycling requires additional energy and resources and is surrounded by misconceptions while incineration and landfill is used as the last option. To keep the time, energy, costs and the possibility of accidents to the minimum, the waste should be disposed off as close as possible to the source (RMCEF, n.d). If these were not under control, the benefits of recycling or compositing would be lost. This also alerts the public and the waste producers and encourages waste reduction. This Proximity principle in conjunction with the waste hierarchy results in Best P ractical Environmental Option (BPEO). BPEO provides the most benefit or the least damage to the environment, at affordable cost, both in long as well as short term. Best Available Technique Not Entailing Excessive Cost (BATNEEC), is an important element of the Environmental Protection Act 1990. It has helped to upgrade the old processes to meet new standards. This forms a part of the Integrated Pollution Control (IPC), which includes organic waste treatment, incineration, and disposal of chemicals. Rapid

Leadership Practices Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Leadership Practices - Term Paper Example Two most important aspect of cult leadership is that it fundamentally emerges from the sense of inequity and exhorts its followers towards a path of radical ideas and creed that may not necessarily be right or rational. Jim Jones and Charles Manson, both were strong cult leaders with destructive ideologies who were able to attract huge followers. Jim Jones and Jonestown James Warren Jones or Jim Jones was a religious fanatic who had founded People’s Temple with churches in San Francisco and Los Angeles. As a boy, he was hailed as a religious messiah by his mother. He was a radical in the sense that he believed in equality and promoted social integration of blacks and African American in the mainstream society. His strong belief in the social justice and his views on socialism based on communist leaning became his major plank for propagating new ideology. He established his first church in 1955 in Illinois and later shifted to California to start Peoples Temple. He was greatly influenced by faith healing services of Baptist churches and used practiced psychological and spiritual healing to gain trust and loyalty of his followers. Jim Jones exhibited leadership traits early when he was able to garner support for his social integration of blacks in the mainstream society. His charismatic personality and strong religious leanings were strong enabling factors that inspired followers to action and work towards racial equity and social justice. He was able to bring about changes in other people. Social scientists assert that psycho analytical aspects are important tools to understand human relationship and behavior especially with regard to social... James Warren Jones or Jim Jones was a religious fanatic who had founded People’s Temple with churches in San Francisco and Los Angeles. As a boy, he was hailed as a religious messiah by his mother. He was a radical in the sense that he believed in equality and promoted social integration of blacks and African American in the mainstream society. His strong belief in the social justice and his views on socialism based on communist leaning became his major plank for propagating new ideology. He established his first church in 1955 in Illinois and later shifted to California to start Peoples Temple. He was greatly influenced by faith healing services of Baptist churches and used practiced psychological and spiritual healing to gain trust and loyalty of his followers.  Jim Jones exhibited leadership traits early when he was able to garner support for his social integration of blacks in the mainstream society. His charismatic personality and strong religious leanings were strong e nabling factors that inspired followers to action and work towards racial equity and social justice. He was able to bring about changes in other people. Social scientists assert that psycho analytical aspects are important tools to understand human relationship and behavior especially with regard to social defenses, leadership paradigms and motivation (Levinson, 2002; Gabriel, 1999). These elements were extensively used by Jones to garner support for his religious and social bigotry. The understanding equipped him with the necessary knowledge.

Recruit Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Recruit - Case Study Example The questions are designed to get complete information about the job since sections like background cover requirements such as travel, licensing needs and seasonal changes. The contacts section covers 62 questions on the level of supervision and the level of contacts with employees/clients. Similarly, the physical requirements section cover things like tools which are to be used on the job and other physical activities demanded by the position. Once the questionnaire has been filled, it can be used with reasonable accuracy to judge the type of position and the requirements for the position (HR Guide, 2001). Functional Job Analysis Scales have been used in America since the 1940s to deduce what exactly the requirements are for a particular job. Essentially, this is seen as a representative of what workers do in a job by analyzing the equipment used, the data needed, the people interaction, the instructions given and by analyzing their abilities of reasoning, math and verbal skills. Using these scales it is possible to analyze what the requirements for a cinema manager should be and how the cinema would employ his/her skills for a more efficient delivery of services (HR Guide, 2001). Another method which can be used is the OAI (Occupational Analysis Inventory) that locates and evaluates a person's performance on more than 600 responsibilities and duties which are part of any given job. This inventory looks at the goals of the job, the behaviour of the individual at the job, the mental activities required, the information handled by the person and the context in which the work is done. This inventory is then ranked against the rating scales defined for the task which includes the four elements of extent, application, and functions of the job or specific element of the job. While this method has been applied to many different types of work, it is less reliable then than the PAQ (HR Guide, 2001). The Position Analysis Questionnaire (PAQ) was developed in the 70s as a structured job analysis tool which connects the characteristics of a job to human characteristics found in individuals. The PAQ considers 195 components of work which are divided into five categories to understand where information comes from, the reasoning abilities used by the workers, the output created, relationships with other individuals and the context of the job in social and physical terms (HR Guide, 2001). As discussed earlier, there are several other methods for analyzing the requirements of a job and understanding what kind of individual would be best suited to fill a particular role. Clearly the application of experimentation and scientific analysis to the field of HR has had positive results since these surveys and questionnaires have had better than average success in predicting the requirements for a position in the work force. 2. Job Analysis for Cinema Manager Knowing about the activities of a cinema and the process of running of a cinema

Discussion Board Week 3 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Discussion Board Week 3 - Essay Example On the other hand Aristotle has always appeared to me as a proponent of a closed society (Keuth pg, 22). His work is always aimed at maintaining the social order. His philosophy is actually state centered and not people centered. He tells the society to behave in a way that is appropriate for the state. The doctrine of mean is also just an extension of this aim of Aristotle. It really doesn’t do any good for the society except for the fact that it helps to make the members of the society docile. The idea behind this doctrine is that people should try to behave in a manner that is not extreme in nature. For example according to this doctrine, one should not be rash nor he should be coward, but one should be somewhere in the middle of these two extremes thus one should be courageous. This is just an attempt to preserve the status quo of the society and avoid an upheaval of the public. Because of the greatness of benefit Utilitarianism provides to humanity, the principle of Mill is the best moral philosophy. The doctrine of Aristotle is not only state driven but also calls for a submissive and a closed society. That is the reason of its

Social Networking Essay Essay Example for Free

Social Networking Essay Essay How has social networking affected people today? Social sites now affect people’s thoughts almost constantly and causes people to think very lowly of themselves. New advances in technology have affected the lives of many in these negative ways. In the article How many facebook friends do you need? by Robin Marantz Henig and words from Samantha Henig there are many examples of these points. Social networking has affected those on these sites minds greatly. These sites such as twitter and facebook have almost taken over many people today’s minds. In the article Samantha Henig states that after she says something funny her mind immediately goes to the idea of tweeting it. Samantha is only one person out of many so captivated by the immediate urge to share thoughts and events with the rest of the world and put it out somewhere where everyone can see. These social sites have created a more abundant want for others to know what is going on in an individual’s life rather than their want for simply enjoying what they have themselves. In addition to these thoughts and need to share events and thoughts constantly social networking also affects people’s minds in that it has people constantly worried about what others are doing. Through these sites participators are able to know what others are doing throughout the day without even directly contacting them. By knowing this information it allows people to compare others lives to theirs without even realizing it, and find themselves checking their phones for these sites more and more often throughout the day. Social networking gives people the fear that they are missing out on something else instead of being happy with what they are doing themselves. This is one issue that social networking and all of its participants has produced. Furthermore this social networking has changed peoples’ views on themselves  in a negative way. These sites have created an image for many individuals that only views them in the most flattering way. This causes others to begin to have the thought that they do not meet the standards of others and constantly fight with themselves with the ideas of their own image. Although these flattering photos of others are usually real they exclude the photos which might not be as flattering cause false information to be believed and not expressing people as they truly are. Besides this physical image there is also the emotional aspect this social networking spreads. These sites spread people’s information on where they are and with who making some feel out of the loop or left out. This causes many to feel not included and increase the worry in their own social status that is already present. In the people who see these posts their minds begin to wonder and try harder to become more popular in their own minds and more importantly others struggling to fight for the most followers, likes or friends. Social sites affect people’s thoughts at almost every second and causes people to negatively change their opinions on themselves. This issue of new social networking affected people in their thoughts and feelings.

Adaptive Wing Design For A Morphing Mav Biology Essay

Adaptive Wing Design For A Morphing Mav Biology Essay The wing design of a Micro Air Vehicle is to be designed to aid in the assessment of earthquake damage. The MAV is required only to be powered by an electrical motor, limiting flight time and endurance/range, and must be able to fly to the scene quickly and efficiently. Therefore, the analysis of the wing structure is two-fold: 1) having an efficient wing design for cruise (faster) flight and 2) having an effective loiter (slower flight) wing design. The main methodology in ensuring the optimal wing structure would be to design two aerofoils with an actuator which will morph the wing dependant on the different requirements. The software package DESFOIL, on the University of Sheffield intranet, is considered a friendlier user interface for the original XFOIL package created by MIT Professor Mark Drela to aid in the understanding of low speed aerofoil flow solution. However, since XFOIL contains a less than friendly interface, DESFOIL, a MATLAB based software, creates a friendlier user interface, enabling aerofoil analysis to be more easily understood. NACA Aerofoils Since NACA aerofoils will be the predominant choice in attaining the aerofoils for our MAV, this section will concentrate on providing a breakdown on the key aspects of such aerofoils. The 4 digits associated with the NACA aerofoil provide information as to the physical structure of the aerofoil. The four digits are broken up as such The first number offers information about the maximum camber as a percentage of the chord length. The second digit provides information as to the position of this maximum camber as a function of the overall chord length (in tens of units) The final two digits provide information on the maximum thickness of the aerofoil as a percentage of the overall chord length, as a percentage. Thus, it can easily be seen that the chord length is pivotal in determining the correct NACA aerofoils. Centre of Pressure and Aerodynamic Centre Other important aerofoil characteristics are the centre of pressure and aerodynamic centre. If we consider them individually, we can attain a clearer picture of their importance. Starting with the centre of pressure, it is known that the positioning of this point changes with lift, namely it moves towards the leading edge as lift increases. However, using this same theory, it can be understood that this centre of pressure can move outside of the aerofoil geometry. More specifically, at low levels of lift generation, the pressure centre can be behind the aerofoil. Such a parameter is important to understand since it allows for trimming of the potential aircraft on which the aerofoil will be mounted. The centre of pressure can be calculated using calculus provided a pressure distribution is understood. Since we are dealing with a distribution, the length of the chord becomes increasingly important and it is normal to talk about the pressure as a function of chord length, generally starting with the leading edge. The aerodynamic centre contains a more direct link with the stability of the aircraft/aerofoil. The aerodynamic centre is the point on the aerofoil where the pitching moment of the aerofoil is independant of the angle of incidence. Understanding of this point is crucial due to its large contribution to the balancing and therefore stability of the aerofoil/ aircraft. Since the majority of aerofoils which will be considered within this journal are cambered, it is interesting to note that the aerodynamic centre is approximately situated at a point  ¼ of the chord length. Drag When considering drag, the main thought is of a retarding force to motion in a certain direction. The relationship is simple; the greater the drag (retarding) force, the greater impedance on motion. From an aerofoil design point of view, we wish for such force to be as minimal as possible since a lower retarding force allows faster speeds (longer endurance and/ or range) and more efficient flight. To understand more about drag, we need to understand more about the different components of the force. If we can understand the forces main constituent parts, this may help us lower the drag our aerofoil experiences. The drag force can be broken up into several different components. Some of these are Parasitic drag Lift induced drag As we will later calculate, the lift our aerofoil produces will vary depending upon which flight attitude regime we are in i.e. loiter or cruise, and thus the drag each regime experiences will vary. Since this is important in understanding how the aerofoil will react to regime changes, the lift induced drag will be looked at more closely within this analysis. The concept of parasitic drag is broken into many different parts. Such constituent parts include skin friction and pressure drag. The concept of skin friction comes about due to the interaction of fluid molecules contacting the surface of the aerofoil, bringing local wall shear stresses into consideration. It can thus be seen that the faster the motion of molecules past the aerofoil, the larger wall shear stress. The skin friction coefficient shares an inverse parabolic relationship with the speed of the aircraft The contribution from pressure drag will be considered in terms of flow separation points further into this report. Such drag will take precedence in the analysis of drag within this report since it provides a more rigorous depiction of the drag at different angles of attack and different DESFOIL accuracy parameters (panel number). Since DESFOIL offers only this type of drag, it will be assumed that this pressure drag is the overall coefficient of drag, when discussing analysis of graphical data. This is a reasonable assumption since the drag values and pressure distributions compliment each other. Furthermore, since we will later consider the 3D effects of the aerofoil, it is important to note that there will be different drag factors which will increase the amount of drag experienced by the aerofoil. A major form of drag which the aerofoil will experience while in flight is the vortex drag, more specifically the drag due to the mismatch of pressure along the upper and lower surfaces of the aerofoil. More specifically, this drag arises due to an overspill of high pressure on the lower surface of the aerofoil to the upper surface, which is abundant in low pressure areas. Thus as the aerofoil moves through the fluid, in our case air, this overspill will manifest itself into tip vortex, increasing the drag experience by the aerofoil. Thus, although only drag will be termed in this journal, there may be separate underlying factors involved. 3D and 2D Calculations Although DESFOIL is only applicable to 2D aerofoils, adjustments can be made such that the results from DESFOIL can be used within 3D situations. Since we are designing an actual aerofoil, such considerations need to be taken into account, and are during the later parts of this journal. The importance of using such a program lays in its simulation of the aerodynamics the aerofoil experiences. Therefore, using such a program allows the possibility to determine what coefficient of lift (or, 2D and 3D analysis respectively) and coefficients of drag, subscriptd, or D accordingly, are needed for optimal flight. As we will determine in this report, optimal coefficients will be calculated and a wing structure designed accordingly. Design Brief The following reading is an analysis of the software package DESFOIL on the suitability of difference NACA 4 digit aerofoils on an MAV of certain design specifications. These include Cruise Speed, = 15 Loiter Speed, = 8 Wing Area, S = 0.13 We will assume a rectangular planform for our aerofoil. Furthermore, we will assume the aerofoil as the main form of lift, i.e. neglecting fuselage, tail plane or rudder lift generation Wing Characteristic/ Structure Lift is defined as the aerodynamic force that a surface produces in the presence of a perpendicular velocity vector. Since lift is defined as a force, , we can assume that lift is some function of the density of the medium it is produced within, , the size of the object producing such a force, , and the before mentioned velocity, Therefore, (1) Where x, y and z are unknown parameters defining the relationship outlined in the equation. Through dimensional analysis we can deduce the values of such unknowns. (2) (3) In terms of lift forces, the constant of proportionality is termed the coefficient of lift, deriving the lift equation (4) It is also possible to consider a more rigorous analysis of the coefficient of lift taking into account symmetrical and cambered aerofoils, which yield and respectively. However, such equations only apply to thin aerofoils and since the thicknesses of the aerofoils are unknown in this assignment, the generic formulae will be used. Similarly, derivation of the drag forces can yield an equivalent drag version of equation (4). (5) To deduce our optimal lift coefficient, we will assume the lift generated will equal the weight of the aircraft, a reasonable assumption when considering straight and level (cruise) flight and the loiter regime. Therefore, the lift coefficients can be calculated for the respective flight conditions (6) Equation (6) yields a cruise coefficient of lift of 0.285, while similar analysis for loiter conditions yields a lift coefficient, of 1. Since we are initially more concerned with the wing aerodynamics with respect to wing structure (aspect ratio), we will consider the induced drag, , whereby, (7) Where e is the Oswald efficiency of the aerofoil, a correctional factor added since the wing shape differs from the elliptical wing used for the derivation, and A is the aspect ratio, calculated by the length to width ratio. To select the best aspect ratio for our aerofoil, the induced drag variation with aspect ratio changes is shown in Figure 1. It can easily been seen from Figure 1 that an aspect ratio of 5 would be acceptable since there is negligible variation in terms of the two dimensionless concepts. However, if we consider this in terms of the actual MAV, an aspect ratio of 5 would yield a span of 0.8m and a chord length of 0.16m. Evidently, while this is the longest and thinnest allowed in this particular investigation, possible structural problems may occur. However, if we consider the capabilities of the aircraft, there are advantages too. As Figure 1 has shown the induced drag in flight would be decreased, enabling better endurance and longer range. The structural instability could be overcome by careful selection of materials and designing of the structure. Thus, although problems may arise from such an aspect ratio, these problems can be overcome and do have their own advantages. Such data allows calculation of cruise and loiter Reynolds number and Mach number to be calculated. Figure 1: Induced Drag and Aspect Ratio relationship (8) (9) Similarly, and. Panel Number Since DESFOIL is the primary tool in determining which aerofoil will be used and its aerodynamic characteristics known, it would be wise to research the capabilities of the software and which system (panel number) to use to ensure the results obtained are of relevant accuracy. Another important aspect of using DESFOIL is the time taken for results to be determined. This will be analysed next. If we consider the effects of panel number on the lift, drag and pressure distribution respectively, we can clearly see a relationship shown in Figures 2, 3 and 4. Considering an angle of incidence of 10 degrees, it is evident to see that the most accurate results come about with the higher panel numbers. Since the maximum panel number within DESFOIL is 280, it would seem this would be the optimal choice. However, upon closer analysis, it is the time taken for such accurate results to come back from the software, which is of greater importance. For example, a panel number of 280 will provide the most accurate answer, but also take the longest to deduce. Therefore, if we consider the (negligible) variation of values, we can deduce that a panel number of 180 is significantly lower, thus, allowing quicker results, but still retains a high level of accuracy. For example, for the lift coefficient, 180 yields 1.0012, while 280 yields 1.0028. Thus the accuracy difference is negligible. Figure 2: Variation of Lift with different panel number on NACA0012 aerofoil Figure 3: Variation of Drag with panel number on NACA0012 aerofoil When analysing the pressure distribution, fewer panel numbers were considered, since the graphical representation would have become severely hard to differentiate between the different graphs. On the other hand, the before mentioned negligible differences is perhaps clearer in Figure 4. With the panel number at 280, the pressure distribution is most smooth, allowing finer details to be seen, which would otherwise be lost in lower panel numbers. Thus, a panel number of 180, the lowest without losing significant accuracy, is optimal. Figure 4: Variation of Pressure Distribution with panel number on NACA0012 aerofoil Reynolds/ Mach number So far, we have considered only the cruise aspect of the MAV. Since the aircraft will experience loitering stages also, analysis must be considered into different Reynolds and Mach numbers. Both of these are necessary in understanding the aerodynamics of the aerofoil since they both alter the way in which the aerofoil will react to airflow. For example, consideration of transition points, the onset of turbulent flow, boundary layer thickness and laminar flow needs to be understood to optimise the aerofoil design. Therefore, changes in the behaviour of the aerofoil/ airflow must be modelled and simulated within DESFOIL. For further understanding of such phenomenon, XFOIL will be used to pictorially show the effects of Reynolds number and Mach number on boundary layer, amongst other sets of information. More specifically, larger Reynolds and Mach numbers will be taken into consideration to visualise compressibility effects. To observe such results, i.e. how changes in density with regards to the pressure distribution, comparisons will be made to show how the compressibility effects (large Reynolds/ Mach number values) alter the characteristics/ performance of the aerofoil. An angle of attack of 10 degrees was considered when undertaking the computations in all examples. Incompressibility/ Compressibility Effects Figures 5 and 6 visually show the variation of the boundary layer with a high Reynolds and Mach number. If we consider Figure 5, we can see the specific values of coefficients of lift, drag and pitching moment at the angle of attack mentioned before. Another helpful mode shown within Figure 5 is the description of the change in boundary layer over the length of the chord of the aerofoil. This pictoral view shows the general formation of turbulent flow from laminar flow. As will be seen later in the report, there is a relationship between the boundary layer thickness and the Reynolds number. This relationship is important to note since a thinner laminar boundary layer ensure lower drag. Again, this concept will be further investigated later. Figure 5: XFOIL graph showing pressure distribution along aerofoil Figure 6: XFOIL graph showing variation of other aerofoil characteristics Reynolds Number Mach Number Cl Cd lift/drag 1000000 0.4 1.083 0.01965 55.13 169412 0.04 1.0266 0.03469 29.59 90353 0.024 0.9415 0.05289 17.8 Figure 7: How lift and drag vary with different Reynolds and Mach numbers From Figure 7, we can see the direct impact the differing Reynolds numbers and Mach numbers have on the generation of lift and drag. Quite clearly, as the Reynolds/ Mach number decreases, so does the coefficient of lift, and thus lift generated. Also of significant importance is the increase in drag with decreasing Reynolds/Mach number. Due to these variations, the lift to drag ratio also decreases. However, it is important to note that the results are non-linear. This non-linearity can be explained from the transition from incompressible flow to flow whose density changes with respect to the pressure distribution. Thus, such characteristics cannot be extrapolated or calculated; they must be experimentally defined, or computationally simulated, since consideration of compressibility effects adds complexity to calculations. Boundary Layer Analysis Although there is little difference between the values of lift coefficients (in the first two examples), there seems to be a drastic difference between the lift: drag ratios. Since the coefficients of lift are similar, varying by less than a magnitude of value, the only possible change must come from the drag experienced on the aerofoil. Experimental data, treating the aerofoil as a flat plate, shows that as the Reynolds number increases, the boundary layer thickness decreases, shown in Equation (10). (10) Thus, a decrease in the Reynolds number causes a larger boundary layer around the aerofoil, which in turn causes a greater disturbance to the free stream air. Since the boundary layer cannot handle a large adverse pressure gradient without separation, the higher values of Reynolds number cause separation earlier, even though they have thinner, boundary layers. This is due to greater adverse pressure gradients which are responsible for the larger values of lift coefficients attained. The separated flow causes larger amounts of drag, which is obviously undesirable, since the flow is no longer uniform along the chord. Once the pressure gradient exceeds a critical point, the boundary layer will separate from the aerofoil, therefore reducing the magnitude of the pressure gradient, reducing lift generation. Therefore, the lift: drag ratio decreases as drag will increase upon separation. The drag experienced at higher Reynolds numbers is still considerably smaller than the drag experienced at lower Reynolds numbers due to the thickness of the boundary layer. Although separation of the flow is a factor with regards to drag, the boundary layer thickness, as seen in Figure (7) using Equation (10), is a larger factor. Since this separation point (transition from laminar to turbulent flow) is an area of interest with regards to the amount of drag experienced by the aerofoil, Figure 8 shows the movement of such a point with regards to the Reynolds number. The black lines only show the separation points on the upper surface of the aerofoil since this is the surface of most interest. Figure 8: Transition point. 1) Re=1000000, M=0.4 2) Re=169412, M=0.04 3) Re=90353, M=0.024 At this point it is important to note that the DESFOIL parameters were changed to ensure a completely accurate result from the simulation. To ensure the accuracy was maximised, the transition detection was 100% the length of the chord, and not simply the default 20%. This allowed DESFOIL to look throughout the whole length of the chord for the transition/ separation point as opposed to the default 20%. As we can see, for the same angle of attack, the higher Reynolds/ Mach numbers cause the separation point to be significantly closer to the leading edge. Similar XFOIL graphs were constructed as that in Figure 6 for the other Reynolds/ Mach numbers. From Figure 6, we can see that at an angle of attack of 0 degrees, there is a separation point at 0.637, i.e. 63.7% away from the leading edge as a function of the chord length. When the Reynolds number is 169412, this separation point is 91% as a function of the chord length, while the loiter Reynolds number remains laminar at 0 degrees angle of attack. Geometries If we consider other three dimensional geometries with respect to the drag each produces, we can understand why an aerofoil is an optimal shape in terms of reducing drag. Figure 9: Drag values for various 3D geometries If we consider streamlining any given shape, we can possibly reduce the amount of drag experienced, as shown in Figure 9, by an order of magnitude. For example, if we consider the sphere, hemisphere and teardrop shapes, although all have the same frontal geometry, it is the streamlining of the teardrop which contributes most to a significant reduce in drag, due to the prolonged attachment of the airflow. Since the airflow after the sphere/hemisphere is suddenly separated (due to the non gradual geometry behind the shape), there is a significant amount of drag experienced. This is why Figure 5 depicts such a prolonged attachment of the airflow, only becoming separated towards the trailing edge of aerofoil. To further reinforce the advantageous effects of streamlining, Figure 10 shows the geometrical differences which can be obtained with intelligent streamlining. Figure 10: Two different geometries with the same aerodynamic drag force Lower Aerofoil Surface Another important feature found from graphs similar to Figure 5 highlights the relationship between the angle of attack, Reynolds/ Mach number and flow over the lower wing section. It was found that at lower Reynolds numbers, the flow is relatively laminar across the length of the chord length. This makes sense at high angles of attack since the underside of the aerofoil has a larger wetted area. Possible further investigation and research may lie in determining the flow over the lower surface of the aerofoil in negative angles of attack. Perhaps such an investigation will help understand the landing/ descending section of a flight path. It may be interesting to learn whether separation points play such a major role on the lower surface as they do on the upper surface, in terms of lift and drag. Such understanding can provide insight into painting a complete picture of the airflow surrounding a wing. Furthermore, since a NACA0012 aerofoil was considered giving all the results mentioned previously, changes in airflow with varying NACA aerofoils could help determine a more complex relationship. For example, as thickness, camber and camber position change, how does the transition point vary on the underside of the aerofoil? Such variations are made within the next section with regards to the overall lift and drag. However pressure variations could be conducted in a similar fashion. Designing using DESFOIL Since DESFOIL allows the user to design, test and evaluate their own chosen design (one of the many reasons it was chosen for undertaking of this particular investigation), it is important to understand how the different parameters affect the aerofoil characteristics. From this, we can deduce what the optimal aerofoil for our application could be. Furthermore, it allows for reinforcement of aerodynamic theory into the reaction of airflow over changing geometries of aerofoils. This could be seen as a measurement of DESFOILs accuracy in its simulations. If its simulation results were to vary from known aerodynamics, then the softwares validity would be questionable. Throughout the analysis, therefore, the aerodynamic theory will be called upon to explain the results given from DESFOIL. Since the software allows for three different design features, it was deemed necessary, to gain a full understanding, to adjust and examine one parameter at a time and comment on the results obtained. Since different values of lift were optimal for the different stages within our flight path, both the cruise and loiter conditions were looked at. From the template aerofoil NACA0012, the thickness was the first parameter to be changed. Figures 11 and 12 below graphically shows the variation in lift and drag over the four different aerofoil thicknesss chosen. Cruise Conditions Figure 11: Lift variation with different NACA aerofoils thicknesses Figure 12: Drag variation with varying thicknesses Firstly, the cruise conditions will be investigated. As we can see from the figures above, the thickness of the aerofoil plays an important role in determining such characteristics as stall angle and maximum coefficient of lift. If we consider both graphs simultaneously, we can deduce the thicker the aerofoil, the greater the values of lift can be obtained. This is shown with the increase in coefficient of lift values from 12% thickness to 15-21% thickness. This is down to the curvature of the aerofoil being the main form of lift generation, i.e. the more curved (thicker in this instance since camber position is constant) the aerofoil, the larger amounts of lift generated, within limits. Also, nose shape effects help the generation of high lift coefficients. Furthermore, it is important to note that the thinner aerofoil has also stalled significantly harder than the thicker aerofoils. Since stalling is undesirable, perhaps thicker aerofoils would be best for use in the chosen aerofoil. Concentrating on the graphs from a drag point of few, we can again see that thinner aerofoils are undesirable due to the drag they produce/ experience. The sharp rise in drag experienced by the thinner NACA0012 aerofoil is complimentary of the stall it experienced at an angle of attack of 13. Furthermore, it is important to note that there are slight variations in the small angle of attack region with respect to lift and negligible difference in the corresponding drag section. Since a definitive relationship was deduced from the thickness investigation, it was reasonable to continue the designing experiments. Next, the camber thickness was investigated. Figure 13: Lift variation with angle of attack with different camber thicknesses Figure 14: Drag variation with angle of attack with different camber thicknesses From the above figures, certain relationships can be deduced between the camber thickness and the effect such parameters have on the lift and drag experienced on the aerofoil. Firstly, lets consider the adverse effects on the lift and drag, shown here by the NACA-2012, whereby the -2 denotes a negative camber. From Figure 13, we can see a significantly lower lift attained flight with an earlier stall, which compliments Figure 14, whereby the drag significantly increases due to the separated flow resulting from the stall. For the other three aerofoils shown, the aerodynamic drag force experienced by each has negligible difference, since all follow the same shape. The differences can more obviously be seen through analysis of Figure 13. Here, we can see the larger the camber, the greater values of lift can be obtained. However, it is important to note that only the NACA4012 aerofoil does not experience a stall. On the other hand, the other two positive aerofoils, while although experiencing a stall, do not stall extremely harshly, and so a stall of this kind, while although not optimal, can be considered negligible in terms of lift generated. The camber position was investigated next Figure 15: Lift variation with angle of attack under different camber positions Figure 16: Drag variation with angle of attack under different camber positions As we can see from the above two figures, the effect of camber position is not as drastic as the other previous analysed parameters. From Figure 15, we can see the highest lift is attained by the NACA4212 aerofoil, although all the aerofoils have the same similar low angle of attack lift generation. It is only towards angles of attack greater than 7 where there is greatest deviation. On the other hand, it can also be seen that the NACA4212 aerofoil, while giving the highest lift value, also stalls. As mentioned before, this is undesirable. From a drag perspective, the NACA4212 aerofoil performs best towards larger angles of attack however performs worst at low angles of attack. Depending on where the greatest emphasis needs to be placed upon the cruise aerofoil conditions, this may be an important factor. Chosen Cruise Aerofoil Since we have analysed the effects of the three different parameters within DESFOIL, we can now evaluate what lift and drag characteristics we want from our chosen aerofoil. Since the actual aerofoil will be 3D, we need to take into consideration 3D effects. For this instance, we are going to assume the 3D coefficient of lift is 90% of the 2D coefficient of lift, namely, (11) One reason there is a decrease in the change from two dimensional to three dimensional bodies is the appearance of an extra plane, i.e. the z plane. Thus, the lift generation needs to distribute the lift over three planes instead of two. Thus resulting in less lift overall. Therefore, we can calculate a coefficient of lift of 0.3167 to be found using DESFOIL. Taking what was found from the above investigation, various NACA aerofoils were tested. The final aerofoil chosen was the NACA2615 aerofoil for reasons clearly shown using Figure 17. Figure 17: NACA2615 aerofoil characteristics From this figure, we can see the optimal design characteristics we want from our cruise aerofoil. These characteristics include a significantly low drag, as compared to the lift generated, which can be seen as a direct result of no stall being present. Furthermore, if we consider the lift we wanted to generate, namely 0.3167, we can see this aerofoil manages to attain such lift at a low angle of attack, something we want from our aerofoil since the quicker the optimal lift can be generated, the quicker the aerofoil will start behaving to optimise its performance. Since this optimal lift is generated at an angle between 1 and 2, the lift: drag ratio was calculated for these two angles. They are 17 and 39 respectively. These high values show the positive performance of our aerofoil in the cruise condition. Loiter Condition As we can see from the previous section, a detailed investigation and analysis was undertaken to establish the best NACA aerofoil for our cruise purposes. If we now go on to consider the loiter condition, there are certain parameters which need to be considered, namely the 2D lift we wish to aim for, at the lowest angle of attack, to find the optimal aerofoil. As shown in the previous section, the thickness, camber and camber position were all varied individually and the resulting effect on the lift and drag analysed. Using Equation 11, we can calculate the required lift (needed to be found in DESFOIL) as 1.11. Firstly, the thickness was adjusted. It was found, just like the cruise condition investigation that an increase in thickness resulted in higher levels of lift being attained. However it was also found that the aerofoils under loiter conditions tend to stall, regardless of thickness. However, the greater the thickness the higher angle of stall. Since all aerofoils tested stalled, the drag associated with each was indicative of this phenomenon. It is also important to note that the aerofoils tested were the NACA0010, NACA0012, NACA0018 and NACA0021. Considering the position of maximum camber next, it was found that the NACA4212 aerofoil stalled significantly earlier than the NACA4012, NA

Looking At The Maybank ATM Machines

Looking At The Maybank ATM Machines Maybank was founded by Malaysian business tycoon Khoo Teck Puat, who died in 2004. Amirsham Abdul Aziz. Dato Sri Abdul Wahid Omar was officially appointed as President and CEO of Maybank Group in May 2008. (http://www.maybank2u.com.my/) Today, it is the largest financial services group in Malaysia. Its extensive products and services include commercial banking, investment banking, Islamic banking, offshore banking, leasing and hire purchase, insurance, factoring, trustee services, asset management, stock broking, nominee services, venture capital and Internet banking. (http://www.maybank2u.com.my/) Maybank currently ranks among the top five banks in ASEAN, and is a Qualifying Full Bank (QFB) in Malaysia. For the convenience of Maybank customers, all Maybanks 374 branch offices and more than 2,800 ATM machines are strategically located in both the business districts and suburban estates.( http://www.maybank2u.com.my/) Today, Maybank proudly stands above its peers as Malaysias flagship financial services group in a vibrant, strong and highly competitive banking and financial services landscape. Total assets of the Group stand at RM310.7 billion.( http://www.maybank2u.com.my/) 2.0 Internal Chiefly, the environmental factors are categorized into two different groups, they are internal and external. Internal factors are taken place within the boundaries of organisation. Specifically to the case of Maybank, there are few significant internal factors that they are subject to will be examined such as products and services, vision and mission, SWOT analysis, and Leadership. 2.1 SWOT analysis Strength well known bank 374 branch offices in Malaysia. more than 2,800 ATM machines Correspondent banking relationship with 700 foreign banks throughout the world. Strong performance where it was listed second largest in Malaysia Stock Exchange and Bursa Malaysia Weaknesses -Inefficient Service and poor customer Service. Have to pay huge amount of money to stakeholder Opportunities -experts in the industry and shares their experience with the employee Maybank have many other investments from other companies Threat Economic slowdown like right now where stalling economies are bad for the banking sector Table 1.0 SWOT analysis 2.1.1STRENGTHS It is a well known bank where it have over 374 branch office and more than 2,800 ATM machines. Correspondent banking relationship with 700 foreign banks throughout the world. It also have diversity in product where they provide opening account, giving loan, credit cards, investment insurance, and Islamic banking.(http://www.maybank2u.com.my/) Strong performance where it was listed second largest in Malaysia Stock Exchange and Bursa Malaysia and Maybank workforce come from a multifaceted background of skills, disciplines, experience and industry knowledge to create talented teams of idea generators. 2.1.2WEAKNESSES Inefficient Service and poor customer service, for example Maybank does not have bank systems be automated with built-in security features to verify their customers accounts and details without having to rely on a piece of physical paper with a signature. This would make customer harder to replace card or change account if go to different branch. This kind of service is totally unacceptable in todays competitive world where time equals money. Have to pay huge amount of money to stake where dividend payout ratio (of 60%) to the stakeholders. They set policy to pay dividend of 60% percent of their profit as the long term policy. 2.1.3OPPORTUNITIE Growth of existing market where Maybank is experts in the industry and shares their experience with the employee so by then they can expand further in the industry. Maybank have many other investments from other companies and expand its operations in Vietnam, China, Philippines and India. (http://www.maybank2u.com.my/) 2.1.4THREATS Economic slowdown like right now where stalling economies are bad for the banking sector as it impedes loans growth which is the sectors bread and butter (borrowers become more cautious) and it stirs up bad loans (due to the burden of rising borrowing cost) which in turn erodes a banks financial comfort.) The job is made harder by a brutally competitive landscape HSBC and how it has grown from the Hong Kong and Shanghai Banking Corp in the past to becoming a truly global bank today. They were even been bold enough to venture into Islamic Banking and created HSBC Amanah at a time when most banks, especially foreign ones, were figuring out what Islamic Bank was all about and were skeptical.(http://www.hsbc.com.my/1/2/personal-banking/deposits/basic-current-and-amanah-basic-current-account-i) 2.2Product and service Maybank product and service range includes commercial banking, investment banking Islamic banking, offshore banking, insurance and takaful, factoring, trustee services, asset management, stock broking, nominee services, venture capital and internet banking.Maybank has consistently set new benchmark for the product and service delivery by achieving many firsts in the industry which include the first to introduce a rural credit scheme, mobile banking services, internet banking and receivable financing on a non-recourse basis.( http://www.maybank2u.com.my/) The product is designed to satisfy a certain need and normally is sold in a competitive environment and so that product success is very much driven by market forces and must compete on cost, quality in the board sense, and delivery time.(Derek L.Waller 2003,page 147) In an effort to reinforce service quality standards and continuously promote service excellence, the Maybank implements various programmes such as customer sales, and service training programmes, service standards monitoring, and customer surveys. In Maybank, it has several different type of savings account services provide to the customer.Example for the savings account products are Golden Savers Saving Account, specially tailored for senior citizens, retirees and those planning for early retirement. This account offers high returns and a host of other benefits and discounts meant to enhance your golden years. Yippie saving account a saving account designed for children aged below 18 years old.Children can start an account with as little as rm1, and enjoy monthly dividend on a profit-sharing basis. (To get more information, please refer to appendix 1 and appendix 2) (http://www.maybank2u.com.my/) 2.3 Vision and mission Vision The visions of Maybank are To be a leading regional financial services group by 2015. Mission An organization need to have effective operation management effort must have Mission, it will help them knows it is going and provide boundaries and focus for organization. Maybank mission are 1) To be the top five financial services group in South/South East Asia, by size and Performance. 2) Undisputed leadership in Malaysia, across all high margin/profitable products/segments 3) Truly regional organization, with 40% of gross loans derived from international operations 4) Recognition for delivering innovative and superior value proposition to customers 5) Top quartile employer of talent in each of our markets. (http://www.maybank2u.com.my/) (To get more information please refer to appendix 3) Figure 1.0 Leap 30 Performance Improvement Programme 2.4 Leadership Maybank is committed to inculcating a leadership culture which not only encourages high impact communication but also values ideas and feedback. Active communication is the key to ensuring Maybankers are well-informed and knowledgeable about the Groups operations, business strategies and management decisions. As part of Maybank vision to create world-class managers, Maybank have a robust Leadership Model built on the leadership philosophy and competencies that are required to support the Groups aspirations. Maybanks leadership philosophy describes the essence of a great leader guided by the corporate values of teamwork, integrity, growth, excellence, efficiency and relationship building. The leadership competencies serve as a guideline for assessment of leaders and reiterate the six core competencies that every Maybank leader should have. These are strategic thinking, a spirit for achievement, ability to develop talent and cultivate relationships, being customer-centric and the desire to innovate and change. (http://www.maybank2u.com.my/) In order to increase the effectiveness of maybank staff, a Mentoring programme was introduced for the succession plan candidates of identified C-suite positions. Foundation programmes within Maybanks Personal Managerial Effectiveness Learning Roadmap were also structured for entry level and executive positions while intermediate programmes were targeted at team leaders and new managers. The advanced programme promotes a talent development culture which places emphasis on leadership across all boundaries. One such example is the Maybank Great Manager (MGM) programme aimed at improving managerial skills, capabilities and knowledge. In 2009, a total of 103 Human Capital workshops involving the participation of 2,000 managers were completed.(http://www.maybank2u.com.my/) Maybank Annual report 2009 3.0External 3.1Political and Legal The operations of Maybank are affected by the government policies on the regulations of banking industry. Currently government are controlling the marketing of banking industry because of responsible for promoting a stable monetary and financial structure.. Governments also control the license given for open the banking industry and other legislation need to follow such as Central Bank of Malaysia act 2009,Banking and Financial Institutions Act 1989(BAFIA), and Exchange Control Act 1953. (http://www.bnm.gov.my/index.php?ch=14)Good relationship with government in giving mutual benefits such as employment and tax is a must for the company to succeed in any foreign market. Maybank should also protect its workers by ensuring all the hiring, compensation, training or repatriation is according to Malaysian Labor Law as stipulated. Example Wages, salaries, bonuses and social security contributions are recognised as an expense in the year in which the associated services are rendered by empl oyees of the Group and the Bank.(http://www.maybank2u.com.my/) 3.2Economics The year 2009 was tough would be an understatement given the upheaval created worldwide as a result of the global financial crisis that saw financial giants fail or requiring Government support. In these difficult times, Maybank remained prepared and strong. Maybank was able to withstand the challenges of a highly stressed and competitive operating landscape given its strong capital and liquidity position, and continued to play a significant role in ensuring that credit remains available to help the Malaysian economy and to support Malaysian business and consumer economic activities. Example For the year ended 30 June 2009, Maybank recorded higher revenue of RM10.5 billion compared to RM9.6 billion last year. However, net profit was lower at RM691.9 million compared to RM2.9 billion recorded in the previous year. The lower profit was largely due to higher loan loss provisions, interest on the additional RM9.1 billion securities and subordinated debts issued in 2008 as well as the imp airment charges in relation to its investment in BII and MCB Bank of RM1.62 billion and RM353 million respectively. Excluding the impairment charges and the reversal of the allowances for the non-refundable deposit for the BII acquisition, Maybank Groups core profit after tax stood at RM2.18 billion. ( (http://www.maybank2u.com.my/)( To get more information please refer to appendix 4) 3.3 SOCIAL The changing lifestyles of Malaysia due to development of Malaysian economy should be also taking into consideration. While more people are able to purchase car and house, there are a number of housing loan and hire purchase packages that have been developed in the market to suit the particular needs of the borrower. They want to have greater innovation, value, quality in services and more conveniences that can differentiate one bank from another. Besides that, Consumers want technology in their life and facilities such as credit card payment, online banking channel for payments or opening a bank account. All these needs should also be taken into consideration. For example Maybank online portal has the largest number of payee corporations. Close to 700 types of bills can be paid via Maybank2u.com (http://www.maybank2u.com.my/) 3.4Technology Technology is widely recognised by various literatures on strategic management (Capron and Glazer, 1987; Johnson and Scholes, 1993).Over the past few decades the impact of technology, in particular information technology, is undisputed in almost every aspect of banking industry. Currently, Maybank is the established market leader in online banking in Malaysia, with the largest user base of 3.8 million customers and the highest number of web based product offerings online. Maybank2u.com was voted as the Best Brand for Banking Online and was awarded the Brand Laureate Award by the Asia Pacific Brands Foundation. Besides that, Maybank employ the latest in encryption technology to ensure safety and confidentiality of your transactions. 3.5Environmental Maybank has a strong policy that supports environmental issues. Maybank efforts to reduce its carbon footprint encompass both its operational as well as product offerings. In daily operations, environment-friendly practices are constantly encouraged. This includes recycling of paper, electronic communication, utilising energy-saving practices for lighting and air-conditioning as well as centralised printing to reduce use of individual printers and consumables. Example in introducing new products, Maybank is offering more paperless transactions, implementing electronic payment and online statements. The new American Express Gold Credit card provides online statements, while the nations first Online Bill Presentation service with Tenaga Nasional Berhad introduced electricity bill statement and online payment via Maybank2u.com.( http://www.maybank2u.com.my/) Task2 4.0 Influence of policies and decision making on E- business E-banking is defined as the automated delivery of new and traditional banking products and services directly to customers through electronic, interactive communication channels. E-banking includes the systems that enable financial institution customers, individuals or businesses, to access accounts, transact business, or obtain information on financial products and services through a public or private network, including the Internet. Customers access e-banking services using an intelligent electronic device, such as a personal computer (PC), personal digital assistant (PDA) or automated teller machine (ATM).( Institut Bank; Bank Malaysia) 4.1 Influence of policies and decision making on E- business to customer 4.1.1ATM (automated teller machines) Automated teller machines providing banking services, in particular cash dispensing service which facilitate direct withdrawals from deposit accounts and check account balance at previously unfeasible location and time. ATM are efficient in dispensing controlled amount of cash rapidly and accurately. To move customer to more efficient delivery channel, ATM handle other simple transactions, which are often categorized as being of low value to the bank.(Institut Bank ;Bank Malaysia) Maybank provide more than 2,800 ATM machines are strategically located where customers require cash to make purchases, such as at shopping centres, PETRONAS petrol service station or outside the branch premises. Maybank customers are able to conduct banking transactions after normal office hours. Maybank ATM performs banking transactions including cash withdrawals and funds transfers at customer preferred time; convenient access to cash, in local currencies, when customers are overseas. .( http://www.maybank2u.com.my/) 4.1.2E statement With the growth and maturity of online statement delivery, paperless statements are fast becoming the norm in the banking industry. Paperless statements under different service tags ranging from E-Statements, Email Statements, PDF Statements and Online Statements. Paperless statement can be made available through emails, e-banking services or over websites and are usually free of charge. Maybank bank is offering more paperless transactions, implementing electronic payment and online statements Example the new American Express Gold Credit card provides online statements, while the nations first Online. Customers are also being to switch to online statements instead of receiving printed copies. It is easy n convenient for customer to tracking personal financial and mange personal account online any time. (http://www.maybank2u.com.my/) 4.1.3Credit card(online transaction) A plastic card that allows a person to purchase goods and services by paying with money borrowed from a creditor. The borrower then repays the credit card company, often with interest. The borrower doesnt always have to pay interest, because paying the debt off on time might not result in interest being charged. http://157.166.255.31/2009/LIVING/studentnews/03/15/financial.glossary/index.html Credit card is often the most convenient method around when customers need to buy something important or when customers need to fund an emergency that occurs. Maybank offers a wide variety of credit cards. There are different types to suit different lifestyles and needs. There is the Maybank-Sogo Visa Card in Classic and Gold, The Classic and Gold MasterCard and the Classic and Gold Visa card. The Maybank credit card payment online service is a facility that is available to customers. The valued customer can pay a variety of bills over the internet by using a Maybank credit card. It saves plenty of time that would be better spent on other pursuits and projects. ( http://www.maybank2u.com.my/) There are rewards to be had when customer use the Maybank credit card payment online service. Customer becomes eligible for points under the banks GiftPoints programme when customers use their Maybank credit card to make purchases over the Internet. (http://www.maybank2u.com.my/) 4.1.4 E-shopping Improve on its policy of meeting the customer needs efficiently and effectively by assisting the commercialisation of e shopping. Customer can find it convenient and easy to online shopping from the comfort of their home or office. Maybank offer variety of product service online such as electronics, gift and collectibles, health and beauty, kids and newborn, branded fragrances, clothing and travel gear. (http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/online-shopping.html) Decision making Maybank Customers can purchase a variety of products and services online and pay conveniently by direct debit from their Maybank Savings and Current Accounts Maybank2u.com Cyber Mall offers convenient and reliable online shopping. Maybank number one focus is customer satisfaction. Customer can expect quality merchants, value for money and take advantage of special offers. Enjoy shopping at customer own convenience from customer home or office with the assurance of a secure connection. Maybank trust that shopping at Maybank2u.com Cyber Mall will be a rewarding experience.( http://mall.maybank2u.net/main.jsp?pageid=Home)(To get more information, please refer Appendix 6 ) 4.2Influence of policies and decision making on E- business to business The flagship B2B cash management system from Maybank, Maybank2e.net, remains a sought-after solution as it maintains its cutting-edge lead in managing complex financial supply chain and working capital activities under a well integrated platform. The system has expanded its capabilities and currently contains six different modules: Information Management, Payables Management, Receivables Management, Liquidity Management, and Financial Supply Chain and Corporate Services. The cash management front is becoming increasingly demanding where companies have to efficiently manage liquidity across their businesses. A strong testimony to Maybank our commitment is the number of awards accorded by international organisations to Maybank2e.net including FinanceAsia Best Cash Management Bank Country Award 2009, Best Cash Management Bank for Malaysia Asset Triple A Transactional Banking Awards, Best Local Currency Cash Management Services 2008 Award by AsiaMoney Polls and Alpha SEA Best Cash Management Bank Award. (To get more information, please refer to appendix on title of Award and Recognition.) 4.2.1 E-payment Electronic payment is any digital financial payment transaction involving currency transfer between two or more parties (source: World Bank) Internet is usually believed to be the only mode. In reality e-payments cover a much broader range (phone, interbank networks, etc)(http://www.intracen.org/e-trade/docs/nepal/catani.pdf) Maybank2e.net e-payment represents a revolution in the manner in which customer business is able to execute payment transactions. It caters for a complete range of payment transactions such as funds transfers and local / foreign remittances. Maybank e-payment also provides a comprehensive payroll service, allowing customer to automatically credit employee salaries directly into their designated accounts. Convenience is offered via the ability to submit contributions online to statutory bodies such as Employees Provident Fund (EPF) and Social Security Organization (SOCSO). (http://www.maybank2e.net/is_epayment.shtml) Submitting payments online increases the efficiency of the payment process by cutting down manual tasks and processes. Payments can be made to both Intrabank (within Maybank Group) and Interbank (other local banks) accounts through the GIRO and RENTAS platforms. All transactions are guaranteed total security with Maybank leading edge security infrastructure. With online reporting, customer access to accurate and timely information for account reconciliation. Customer can view their file status, download processed files or print a summary of the processed files. 4.2.2E security Maybank2e.net is highly committed in ensuring that all transactions performed through www.maybank2e.net are secure, safe and confidential. The security features of Maybank2e.net have been tailor-made to meet the requirements of corporate users. Maybank2e.net is located within the internal security system of the bank, which provides firewall systems, strong data encryption (128-bit SSL), anti-virus protection and round-the-clock security surveillance systems. Beside that, regular security reviews of Maybank systems by Maybank internal system auditor as well as external security experts. In additional, Maybank2e.net has incorporates a comprehensive security infrastructure, utilising binding encryption on all data transmission. Security control is further enforced via audit trails, dual control access levels and re-authentication. This guarantees that corporate user transactions are protected, private and secure at all times. 5.0Effectiveness of e-business in Maybank 5.1Electronic Banking Maybanks Consumer Banking is anchored by its strong franchise, which encompasses the most extensive ATM network coverage in Malaysia. Maybank maintains the lead in having the most number of largest ATM network in the country with market share of 32%. During the year, Maybank installed 92 Off-Bank ATMs throughout Malaysia. In January 2008, the branch network was migrated from a legacy framerelay system to an Internet Protocol Virtual Private Network (IPVPN), leading to reduction in network complexity, easier network management and improved cost effectiveness as well as exchange of encrypted confidential data. Currently the IPVPN service operates at more than 400 branch networks, over 2,800 ATMs and 160 point-of-sales merchant networks. Figure 2.0 Number of Maybank ATM and CDM From Figure 2, it shows that, Maybank has increased their number of ATM machine by 107% from 1356 to 2804 in year 2005 to 2009. Beside that, Maybank has increased their number of CDM machine by 87% from 485 to 910 in year 2005 to 2009. 5.2Online banking Maybank2u.com is the No.1 Internet banking website in Malaysia with 3.8 million registered users and a market share of over 54%. The strong growth during the year was attributed to innovative product offerings through electronic commercial transactions as well as a shift from simple fund transfers to more complex transactions. Example the First Public Report of Online Usage in Malaysia released by comScore a leader in measuring the digital world, listed Maybank2u.com as the top local site in Malaysia. The report includes a ranking of the most visited Internet properties and top visited local-based properties, based on the comScore World Metrix service. In June 2009, 9.3 million people in Malaysia age 15 and older accessed the Internet from home and work locations, with each consuming an average of 1,066 pages of content and spending nearly 14 hours online during the month. Maybank2u.com topped the list as the most visited local site, with more than 1 million visitors, reaching nearl y 12 percent of all Malaysians online, making it the most engaging site of the top 10 Malaysian properties. Table 2.0 Top 10 sites in Malaysia 5.3 New Electronic Services Maybank introduced the All-new, All-you Maybank2u.com by revamping Maybank existing website with new features in compliance with web 2.0 technology. Maybank also kicked off Malaysias first online bills summary by a bank, My Bills. Initially launched with Tenaga Nasional Berhad, users can now also view, pay and save DiGi and TM bills via this facility. Additionally, Maybank online portal enables users to make additional ASB investments online, the first and only facility in Malaysia. Launched by the Prime Minister on 21 April 2009, the facility also allows third party investment in ASB. Currently, Maybank online portal has the largest number of payee corporations. Close to 700 types of bills can be paid via Maybank2u.com. This will be further bolstered with additional Government-partnered initiatives such as online payments for Agensi Kaunseling dan Pengurusan Kredit, Skim Simpanan Pendidikan Nasional and the Ministry of Finance Housing Loan Scheme. 6.0Area to improvement 6.1Hire expertise, provide training Maybank should hire more expertise in order to implementation and administration e-banking efficiently and effectively. Beside that, Maybank should provide a holistic approach enhancing employee skills and competencies through its online e-learning programmes. The programmes include upkeep, maintenance, security and implementation of networks. All crew members should be well-trained before sending them to work career. 6.2Improve quality of maybank website (www.maybank2u.com.my/) Maybank should consume extensive amounts of time and money to define, design, develop, test, implement, and maintain website in order to improve the quality of e products and service. Beside that, Maybank staff should treating complaints seriously and resolving them as quickly and fairly as possible.If Maybank wants their Maybank2u.com to be popular among online banking website it should leave the user with a positive impression about the organization, so consumers can get an impression that the company cares about them. 6.3Increase online security Maybank should ensure that all transactions performed through their online financial service are secure, safe and confidential by installing the latest firewall systems, strong data encryption, anti-virus protection and round-the-clock security surveillance systems to detect and prevent any form of illegitimate activities on maybank network systems. Beside that, keep on update privacy protection control systems when new versions are released. So that Maybank customers can enjoy Maybank Internet Banking with total peace of mind. 6.4 Increase Maybank e shopping At Maybank2u.com Cyber Mall, Maybank offer variety categories such as electronics, gift and collectibles, health and beauty, kids and newborn, branded fragrances, clothing and travel gear but each category provides few or even none of product and service. Example the travel gear didnt provide any product or service. Maybank should find more potential and quality partner merchant, to provide more product and service to satisfies customer need and want. Beside that, Maybank need to provide multiple images from different angles for the product. An image in each color, of the front, back, and sides, and even detailed shots of specific features can all go a long way toward making a consumer more likely to buy. 7.0Conclusion In conclusion, this report analyzes both internal and external environment of Maybank, a largest financial services group established in Malaysia. Due to the length constraint of the report, there are only significant environmental factors are analysed in terms of their influence on the organization and the organizations response towards environmental changes. Internal environment factors are analyzed include products and services SWOT analysis, Vision and mission, and leadership,. Any product or policy of a company has to reviewed and make change accordingly that fit to the contemporary needs of the organization. Example the Maybank Great Manager (MGM) programme aimed at improving managerial skills, capabilities and knowledge. The external factors are political, economy, social, technology, environment and legal. Five of these factors exert tremendous pressure on Maybank business operation especially the economical factors. For Example result of the global financial crisis that saw financial giants fail or requiring Government support. Maybank remained prepared and strong. Maybank was able to withstand the challenges of a highly stressed and competitive operating landscape given its strong capital and liquidity position. The second part of the report analyzes the influence of e- business toward Maybank in terms of policy and decision making. Besides, the effectiveness of response to those concepts is studied as well. Lastly, there are few recommendations have been suggested to improve their current initiatives of knowledge management and learning organization concept. For instance, Maybank could move themselves even closer to success in e-business by Improve online security, improve maybank e- shopping, improve quality of maybank website and provide training and hire expertise. Reference Derek L. Waller, 2003, Operation Management, Italy, Gray Publishing. Capron, N. and Glazer, R. (1987), Marketing and Technology Johnson, G. and Scholes, K. (1993), Exploring Corporate Strategy Operational of Financial institution (Institut Bank; Bank Malaysia) Access From www.maybank2u.com.my/ [2 march 2009] Access from http://university-essays.tripod.com/pest_pestel_pestle_lepest_analysis.html [2 March 2009] Access from http:/

American Pitt Bull Terrier Essay -- Animal Research

If you were told a story about a woman who was mauled so viciously by a dog that she had to undergo the world’s first face transplant. What breed would initially come to your mind? If you said a Pit Bull, you are among the majority, but you would be wrong. It was a Labrador retriever. Why do you think so many people would assume it was a Pit Bull? In the 1900s, the American Pit Bull Terrier was commonly portrayed on American war propaganda posters to represent the country's strength, determination, and dignity. The loyal and loving breed has been a companion to people such as Helen Keller, President Theodore Roosevelt, President Woodrow Wilson, Thomas Edison, and General George Patton. Today, the American Pit Bull Terrier is inaccurately identified as a violent, aggressive and an unpredictable breed of dog. What is the truth about the American Pit Bull Terrier? Are they truly the monsters described by Oklahoma State Representative Paul Wesselhoft as â€Å"gargoyle appearing a nimal with claws and fangs the size of a tigers† (Bellamy 10A) or are they simply misunderstood? How has this breed’s image gone from one extreme to the other over the past years? The American Pit Bull Terrier can be traced back to England in the 19th century where initially the breed was created to combine the gameness, speed, and agility of a Terrier with the strength and athleticism of a Bulldog (Bolhafner 39). According to Stahlkuppe, â€Å"gameness is the willingness of a dog to continue fighting, or hunting, or pulling a cart, or defending its owner, through great stress, intense pain, and even until death† (61). Stahlkuppe goes on to describe the Pit Bull’s gameness as â€Å"Awe inspiring† (61). Once in America the breed was initially utilized in bear and bull baiti... ...t is to be a loving family pet, household protector, competitor, or fighter. It is up to the owner to properly train and socialize their dog, show them what they want and the Pitt Bull will be sure to meet whatever demands we place in front of them. Works Cited â€Å"American Pit Bull Terrier† ukcdogs.com. Revised 1 Nov 2008: Web. 22 May 2012. Bellamy, Louise. â€Å"Pit bulls are loyal, loving dogs† The Oaklahoman 18 July. 2005: pg.10A. Print Bolhanfner, Stephen.â€Å" Meet the American Staffordshire/ pit bull terrier† St. Louis Post dispatch 7 May. 2005: pg 39. Print. Devlin, Mike. â€Å" Top 10 banned dog breeds† Listverse.com. 24 Aug 2011. Web. 23 May 2012. Dorsey, Jannie. â€Å" Pit bull earns top dog rank in bites† Tampa Tribune 28 July. 2009: pg 4. Print. Stahlkuppe, Joe. The American Pitt Bull Terrier Handbook. Hauppauge, New York: Barron’s, 2000. Print.